.bannerVideoSection {
  position: relative;
  overflow: hidden;
}

.bg-video {
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  object-fit: cover;
  z-index: 0;
  /* z-index: -1; */
}

.bannerVideoSection .content-wrapper {
  position: relative;
  z-index: 1;
}
.video-overlay {
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); /* Change opacity as needed */
  z-index: 1;
}

.bannerSectionH1 {
  color: #fff;
}
.biographyParaContainer p {
  text-align: justify;
}
.sb-category-icon-cstm {
  margin: 0 !important;
}
.sb-card-body-cstm {
  justify-content: space-between;
}
.ctaBtnIndex {
  padding: 2rem 3rem;
}
.bannerSectionBtn span {
  padding: 1rem !important;
  /* text-align: center; */
}

/* video gallery */
.videoGalleryContainer {
  background: #fff;
  border-radius: 10px;
  padding: 20px;
}
.videoGallerySection {
  background: #e9eaed;
}
.videoGalleryIframe {
  margin-bottom: 1rem;
}
/* end video gallery */

/* course taught section */

.courses-section {
  max-width: 1200px;
  margin: 0 auto;
  padding: 4rem 0;
}

.section-header {
  text-align: center;
  margin-bottom: 4rem;
  position: relative;
}

.section-header::after {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  bottom: -20px;
  left: 50%;
  transform: translateX(-50%);
  width: 80px;
  height: 4px;
  background: linear-gradient(90deg, #f5c332, #f5c332aa);
  border-radius: 2px;
}

.section-title {
  font-size: 2.5rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  color: #2d3748;
  margin-bottom: 1rem;
  letter-spacing: -0.5px;
}

.section-subtitle {
  font-size: 1.1rem;
  color: #718096;
  max-width: 600px;
  margin: 0 auto;
  line-height: 1.6;
}

.courses-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(350px, 1fr));
  gap: 2rem;
  margin-top: 3rem;
}

.course-card {
  background: #f9fafc;
  border-radius: 16px;
  padding: 2rem;
  position: relative;
  overflow: hidden;
  transition: all 0.3s ease;
  border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
  box-shadow: 0 4px 6px -1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
}

.course-card::before {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  right: 0;
  height: 4px;
  background: linear-gradient(90deg, #f5c332, #f5c332cc);
  transform: scaleX(0);
  transition: transform 0.3s ease;
}

.course-card:hover {
  transform: translateY(-8px);
  box-shadow: 0 20px 25px -5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1), 0 10px 10px -5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.04);
}

.course-card:hover::before {
  transform: scaleX(1);
}

.course-level {
  display: inline-block;
  background: #f5c332;
  color: #2d3748;
  font-size: 0.75rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  padding: 0.5rem 1rem;
  border-radius: 20px;
  margin-bottom: 1.5rem;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  letter-spacing: 0.5px;
}

.course-title {
  font-size: 1.25rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  color: #2d3748;
  line-height: 1.4;
}

.course-icon {
  position: absolute;
  top: 2rem;
  right: 2rem;
  width: 50px;
  height: 50px;
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #f5c332, #f5c332cc);
  border-radius: 50%;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  opacity: 0.8;
  transition: all 0.3s ease;
  font-size: 1.2rem;
  box-shadow: 0 4px 8px rgba(245, 195, 50, 0.3);
}

.course-card:hover .course-icon {
  opacity: 1;
  transform: scale(1.1);
  box-shadow: 0 6px 12px rgba(245, 195, 50, 0.4);
}

@media (max-width: 768px) {
  .courses-grid {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    gap: 1.5rem;
  }

  .section-title {
    font-size: 2rem;
  }

  .course-card {
    padding: 1.5rem;
  }
}

@keyframes fadeInUp {
  from {
    opacity: 0;
    transform: translateY(30px);
  }
  to {
    opacity: 1;
    transform: translateY(0);
  }
}

.course-card {
  animation: fadeInUp 0.6s ease forwards;
}

.course-card:nth-child(1) {
  animation-delay: 0.1s;
}
.course-card:nth-child(2) {
  animation-delay: 0.2s;
}
.course-card:nth-child(3) {
  animation-delay: 0.3s;
}
.course-card:nth-child(4) {
  animation-delay: 0.4s;
}
.course-card:nth-child(5) {
  animation-delay: 0.5s;
}
.course-card:nth-child(7) {
  animation-delay: 0.7s;
}
.course-card:nth-child(8) {
  animation-delay: 0.8s;
}

.teachingHeading::after {
  display: none !important;
}

/* end course taught section */

/* books page styles */

/* .publications-section {
  max-width: 1200px;
  margin: 0 auto;
  padding: 4rem 0;
} */
.booksSection {
  background: #e9eaed;
  padding: 4rem 0;
}

.section-header {
  text-align: center;
  margin-bottom: 4rem;
  position: relative;
}
.booksHeading::after {
  display: none !important;
}
.section-header::after {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  bottom: -20px;
  left: 50%;
  transform: translateX(-50%);
  width: 80px;
  height: 4px;
  background: linear-gradient(90deg, #f5c332, #f5c332aa);
  border-radius: 2px;
}

.section-title {
  font-size: 2.5rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  color: #2d3748;
  margin-bottom: 1rem;
  letter-spacing: -0.5px;
}

.section-subtitle {
  font-size: 1.1rem;
  color: #718096;
  max-width: 600px;
  margin: 0 auto;
  line-height: 1.6;
}

.category-section {
  margin-bottom: 3rem;
}

.category-header {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  margin-bottom: 2rem;
  padding-bottom: 1rem;
  border-bottom: 2px solid #e2e8f0;
}

.category-icon {
  width: 50px;
  height: 50px;
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #f5c332, #f5c332cc);
  border-radius: 12px;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  margin-right: 1rem;
  font-size: 1.5rem;
  box-shadow: 0 4px 8px rgba(245, 195, 50, 0.3);
}

.category-title {
  font-size: 1.8rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  color: #2d3748;
  letter-spacing: -0.3px;
}

.publication-card {
  background: #f9fafc;
  border-radius: 16px;
  padding: 2rem;
  margin-bottom: 1.5rem;
  border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
  box-shadow: 0 4px 6px -1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
  transition: all 0.3s ease;
  position: relative;
  overflow: hidden;
}

.publication-card::before {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  right: 0;
  height: 4px;
  background: linear-gradient(90deg, #f5c332, #f5c332cc);
  transform: scaleX(0);
  transition: transform 0.3s ease;
}

.publication-card:hover {
  transform: translateY(-4px);
  box-shadow: 0 12px 20px -5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);
}

.publication-card:hover::before {
  transform: scaleX(1);
}

.publication-title {
  font-size: 1.3rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  color: #2d3748;
  margin-bottom: 1rem;
  line-height: 1.4;
}

.publication-authors {
  color: #4a5568;
  font-weight: 500;
  margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
  font-size: 1rem;
}

.publication-details {
  color: #718096;
  font-size: 0.95rem;
  margin-bottom: 1rem;
}

.publication-year {
  display: inline-block;
  background: #f5c332;
  color: #2d3748;
  font-size: 0.8rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  padding: 0.3rem 0.8rem;
  border-radius: 12px;
  margin-bottom: 1rem;
}

.publication-link {
  color: #f5c332;
  text-decoration: none;
  font-weight: 500;
  transition: color 0.3s ease;
  word-break: break-all;
  font-size: 0.9rem;
}

.publication-link:hover {
  color: #e2b029;
  text-decoration: underline;
}

.malayalam-text {
  font-family: "Noto Sans Malayalam", "Manjari", sans-serif;
  font-size: 1.2rem;
  line-height: 1.8;
}

.handbook-note {
  background: #fff3cd;
  border-left: 4px solid #f5c332;
  padding: 1rem;
  margin-top: 1rem;
  border-radius: 0 8px 8px 0;
  font-size: 0.9rem;
  color: #856404;
}

@media (max-width: 768px) {
  .section-title {
    font-size: 2rem;
  }

  .category-title {
    font-size: 1.5rem;
  }

  .publication-card {
    padding: 1.5rem;
  }

  .category-header {
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: flex-start;
    gap: 1rem;
  }

  .category-icon {
    margin-right: 0;
  }
}

@keyframes fadeInUp {
  from {
    opacity: 0;
    transform: translateY(30px);
  }
  to {
    opacity: 1;
    transform: translateY(0);
  }
}

.category-section {
  animation: fadeInUp 0.6s ease forwards;
}

.category-section:nth-child(2) {
  animation-delay: 0.1s;
}
.category-section:nth-child(3) {
  animation-delay: 0.2s;
}
.category-section:nth-child(4) {
  animation-delay: 0.3s;
}

/* end books page styles */

/* journal articles */
.articles-section {
  max-width: 1200px;
  margin: 0 auto;
  padding: 4rem 0;
}

.section-header {
  text-align: center;
  margin-bottom: 3rem;
  position: relative;
}

.section-header::after {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  bottom: -20px;
  left: 50%;
  transform: translateX(-50%);
  width: 80px;
  height: 4px;
  background: linear-gradient(90deg, #f5c332, #f5c332aa);
  border-radius: 2px;
}

.section-title {
  font-size: 2.5rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  color: #2d3748;
  margin-bottom: 1rem;
  letter-spacing: -0.5px;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  gap: 1rem;
}

.section-icon {
  width: 60px;
  height: 60px;
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #f5c332, #f5c332cc);
  border-radius: 16px;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  font-size: 1.8rem;
  box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(245, 195, 50, 0.3);
}

.section-subtitle {
  font-size: 1.1rem;
  color: #718096;
  max-width: 600px;
  margin: 0 auto;
  line-height: 1.6;
}

.filter-controls {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  gap: 1rem;
  margin-bottom: 2rem;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
}

.filter-btn {
  padding: 0.6rem 1.2rem;
  border: 2px solid #e2e8f0;
  background: #f9fafc;
  color: #4a5568;
  border-radius: 25px;
  cursor: pointer;
  transition: all 0.3s ease;
  font-weight: 500;
  font-size: 0.9rem;
}

.filter-btn:hover,
.filter-btn.active {
  background: #f5c332;
  border-color: #f5c332;
  color: #2d3748;
  transform: translateY(-2px);
  box-shadow: 0 4px 8px rgba(245, 195, 50, 0.3);
}

.search-box {
  max-width: 400px;
  margin: 0 auto 2rem;
  position: relative;
}

.search-input {
  width: 100%;
  padding: 0.8rem 1rem 0.8rem 2.5rem;
  border: 2px solid #e2e8f0;
  border-radius: 25px;
  font-size: 1rem;
  background: #f9fafc;
  transition: all 0.3s ease;
}

.search-input:focus {
  outline: none;
  border-color: #f5c332;
  box-shadow: 0 0 0 3px rgba(245, 195, 50, 0.1);
}

.search-icon {
  position: absolute;
  left: 1rem;
  top: 50%;
  transform: translateY(-50%);
  color: #718096;
}

.articles-grid {
  display: grid;
  gap: 1.5rem;
}

.article-card {
  background: #f9fafc;
  border-radius: 16px;
  padding: 2rem;
  border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
  box-shadow: 0 4px 6px -1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
  transition: all 0.3s ease;
  position: relative;
  overflow: hidden;
}

.article-card::before {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  right: 0;
  height: 4px;
  background: linear-gradient(90deg, #f5c332, #f5c332cc);
  transform: scaleX(0);
  transition: transform 0.3s ease;
}

.article-card:hover {
  transform: translateY(-4px);
  box-shadow: 0 12px 20px -5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);
}

.article-card:hover::before {
  transform: scaleX(1);
}

.article-header {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-between;
  align-items: flex-start;
  margin-bottom: 1rem;
  gap: 1rem;
}

.article-year {
  background: #f5c332;
  color: #2d3748;
  font-size: 0.85rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  padding: 0.4rem 0.8rem;
  border-radius: 12px;
  flex-shrink: 0;
}

.article-title {
  font-size: 1.2rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  color: #2d3748;
  line-height: 1.4;
  margin-bottom: 0.8rem;
}

.article-authors {
  color: #4a5568;
  font-weight: 500;
  margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
  font-size: 0.95rem;
}

.article-journal {
  color: #718096;
  font-style: italic;
  margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
  font-size: 0.9rem;
}

.article-details {
  color: #718096;
  font-size: 0.85rem;
  margin-bottom: 1rem;
}

.article-link {
  color: #f5c332;
  text-decoration: none;
  font-weight: 500;
  transition: color 0.3s ease;
  font-size: 0.9rem;
}

.article-link:hover {
  color: #e2b029;
  text-decoration: underline;
}

.pdf-indicator {
  display: inline-block;
  background: #e2e8f0;
  color: #4a5568;
  font-size: 0.7rem;
  padding: 0.2rem 0.5rem;
  border-radius: 8px;
  margin-left: 0.5rem;
  font-weight: 500;
}

.stats-bar {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  gap: 2rem;
  margin-bottom: 2rem;
  padding: 1.5rem;
  background: #f9fafc;
  border-radius: 16px;
  border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
}

.stat-item {
  text-align: center;
}

.stat-number {
  font-size: 1.8rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  color: #f5c332;
  margin-bottom: 0.3rem;
}

.stat-label {
  color: #718096;
  font-size: 0.8rem;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  letter-spacing: 0.5px;
}

.hidden {
  display: none;
}

@media (max-width: 768px) {
  .section-title {
    font-size: 2rem;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: 0.5rem;
  }

  .article-card {
    padding: 1.5rem;
  }

  .article-header {
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: flex-start;
  }

  .filter-controls {
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: center;
  }

  .stats-bar {
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: 1rem;
  }
}

@keyframes fadeInUp {
  from {
    opacity: 0;
    transform: translateY(20px);
  }
  to {
    opacity: 1;
    transform: translateY(0);
  }
}

.article-card {
  animation: fadeInUp 0.6s ease forwards;
}
/* end journal articles */

/* selected articles */

.publications-section {
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #f2f3f5 0%, #ffffff 100%);
  padding: 80px 0;
  position: relative;
  overflow: hidden;
}

.publications-section::before {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  right: 0;
  height: 4px;
  background: linear-gradient(90deg, #f5c332 0%, rgba(245, 195, 50, 0.3) 100%);
}

.section-title {
  color: #2c3e50;
  font-weight: 700;
  font-size: 2.5rem;
  margin-bottom: 1rem;
  position: relative;
  display: inline-block;
}

/* .section-title::after {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  bottom: -10px;
  left: 0;
  width: 60px;
  height: 3px;
  background: #f5c332;
  border-radius: 2px;
} */

.section-subtitle {
  color: #6c757d;
  font-size: 1.1rem;
  margin-bottom: 3rem;
  font-weight: 300;
}

.publication-card {
  background: #ffffff;
  border-radius: 12px;
  padding: 24px;
  margin-bottom: 20px;
  box-shadow: 0 4px 20px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);
  transition: all 0.3s ease;
  border: 1px solid rgba(245, 195, 50, 0.1);
  position: relative;
  overflow: hidden;
}

.publication-card::before {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  width: 4px;
  height: 100%;
  background: #f5c332;
  transform: scaleY(0);
  transition: transform 0.3s ease;
}

.publication-card:hover {
  transform: translateY(-5px);
  box-shadow: 0 8px 30px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12);
}

.publication-card:hover::before {
  transform: scaleY(1);
}

.publication-title {
  color: #2c3e50;
  font-weight: 600;
  font-size: 1.1rem;
  line-height: 1.4;
  margin-bottom: 12px;
  display: -webkit-box;
  -webkit-line-clamp: 2;
  -webkit-box-orient: vertical;
  overflow: hidden;
}

.publication-meta {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 16px;
  margin-bottom: 12px;
  align-items: center;
}

.meta-item {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 6px;
  color: #6c757d;
  font-size: 0.9rem;
}

.meta-item i {
  color: #f5c332;
  font-size: 0.8rem;
}

.publication-journal {
  color: #f5c332;
  font-weight: 600;
  font-style: italic;
}

.publication-link {
  color: #f5c332;
  text-decoration: none;
  font-weight: 500;
  font-size: 0.9rem;
  transition: all 0.3s ease;
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 6px;
}

.publication-link:hover {
  color: #2c3e50;
  text-decoration: underline;
}

.publication-link i {
  transition: transform 0.3s ease;
}

.publication-link:hover i {
  transform: translateX(3px);
}

.year-badge {
  background: #f5c332;
  color: #ffffff;
  padding: 4px 12px;
  border-radius: 20px;
  font-size: 0.8rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  display: inline-block;
  margin-left: auto;
}

.stats-container {
  background: #ffffff;
  border-radius: 12px;
  padding: 30px;
  margin-bottom: 40px;
  box-shadow: 0 4px 20px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);
}

.stat-item {
  text-align: center;
  padding: 20px;
}

.stat-number {
  font-size: 2.5rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  color: #f5c332;
  display: block;
  margin-bottom: 5px;
}

.stat-label {
  color: #6c757d;
  font-size: 0.9rem;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  letter-spacing: 0.5px;
}

.filter-tabs {
  display: flex;
  gap: 12px;
  margin-bottom: 30px;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
}

.filter-tab {
  padding: 8px 20px;
  background: #ffffff;
  border: 2px solid #f2f3f5;
  border-radius: 25px;
  color: #6c757d;
  text-decoration: none;
  font-weight: 500;
  transition: all 0.3s ease;
  font-size: 0.9rem;
}

.filter-tab:hover,
.filter-tab.active {
  background: #f5c332;
  border-color: #f5c332;
  color: #ffffff;
}

@media (max-width: 768px) {
  .section-title {
    font-size: 2rem;
  }

  .publication-card {
    padding: 20px;
  }

  .publication-meta {
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: flex-start;
    gap: 8px;
  }

  .stat-number {
    font-size: 2rem;
  }
}

/* end selected articles */

/* inner page banner section */
.bannerSectionCstm {
  border: unset !important;
  background: url(assets/images/inner-banner/banner-img.jpg);
  background-size: cover;
  background-repeat: no-repeat;
  background-position: center;
}
.bannerSectionCstm h1 {
  color: #fff !important;
}

/* end inner page banner section */

/* working paper */

/* .custom-container {
  max-width: 1200px;
  margin: 0 auto;
  padding: 60px 20px;
} */
.workingPaperSection {
  padding: 90px 0;
}

.header-working-papers {
  text-align: center;
  margin-bottom: 60px;
  position: relative;
}

.header-working-papers::before {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  top: -20px;
  left: 50%;
  transform: translateX(-50%);
  width: 80px;
  height: 4px;
  background: linear-gradient(90deg, #f5c332, #f5c332);
  border-radius: 2px;
}

.header-working-papers h1 {
  font-size: 2.8rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  color: #2c3e50;
  margin-bottom: 20px;
  position: relative;
  display: inline-block;
}

.header-working-papers p {
  font-size: 1.2rem;
  color: #7f8c8d;
  max-width: 600px;
  margin: 0 auto;
}

.stats-section {
  background: #ffffff;
  border-radius: 20px;
  padding: 40px;
  margin-bottom: 60px;
  box-shadow: 0 8px 30px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);
  text-align: center;
}

.stats-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(200px, 1fr));
  gap: 30px;
  margin-top: 30px;
}

.stat-item {
  padding: 20px;
  border-radius: 15px;
  background: #f2f3f5;
  transition: all 0.3s ease;
}

.stat-item:hover {
  transform: translateY(-5px);
  box-shadow: 0 10px 25px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
}

.stat-number {
  font-size: 2.5rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  color: #f5c332;
  margin-bottom: 10px;
}

.stat-label {
  font-size: 1.1rem;
  color: #7f8c8d;
  font-weight: 500;
}

.section-divider {
  height: 2px;
  background: linear-gradient(90deg, transparent, #f5c332, transparent);
  margin: 60px 0;
}

.papers-grid {
  display: grid;
  gap: 30px;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(350px, 1fr));
}

.paper-card {
  background: #ffffff;
  border-radius: 20px;
  /* padding: 35px; */
  padding: 25px;
  box-shadow: 0 8px 30px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);
  transition: all 0.3s ease;
  position: relative;
  overflow: hidden;
  border: 1px solid #f2f3f5;
}

.paper-card::before {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  right: 0;
  height: 4px;
  background: linear-gradient(90deg, #f5c332, #f5c332);
}

.paper-card:hover {
  transform: translateY(-10px);
  box-shadow: 0 20px 40px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);
}

.paper-meta {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 15px;
  margin-bottom: 20px;
}

.year-badge-working-paper {
  background: #f5c332;
  color: #2c3e50;
  padding: 8px 16px;
  border-radius: 20px;
  font-size: 0.9rem;
  font-weight: 600;
}

.working-paper-badge {
  background: #f2f3f5;
  color: #7f8c8d;
  padding: 8px 16px;
  border-radius: 20px;
  font-size: 0.85rem;
  font-weight: 500;
}

.paper-title {
  font-size: 1.3rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  color: #2c3e50;
  margin-bottom: 15px;
  line-height: 1.4;
}

.paper-authors {
  font-size: 1rem;
  color: #7f8c8d;
  margin-bottom: 20px;
  line-height: 1.5;
}

.paper-details {
  font-size: 0.95rem;
  color: #95a5a6;
  margin-bottom: 25px;
}

.paper-link {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 8px;
  color: #f5c332;
  text-decoration: none;
  font-weight: 600;
  font-size: 0.95rem;
  transition: all 0.3s ease;
  padding: 12px 20px;
  border: 2px solid #f5c332;
  border-radius: 25px;
  background: transparent;
}

.paper-link:hover {
  background: #f5c332;
  color: #2c3e50;
  transform: translateX(5px);
  text-decoration: none;
}

.paper-link::after {
  content: "→";
  transition: transform 0.3s ease;
}

.paper-link:hover::after {
  transform: translateX(3px);
}

/* Bootstrap overrides to maintain original spacing */
/* .container-fluid {
  padding: 0;
}

.row {
  margin: 0;
}

.col {
  padding: 0;
} */

@media (max-width: 768px) {
  .custom-container {
    padding: 40px 15px;
  }

  .header-working-papers h1 {
    font-size: 2.2rem;
  }

  .papers-grid {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    gap: 20px;
  }

  .paper-card {
    padding: 25px;
  }

  .paper-meta {
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: flex-start;
    gap: 10px;
  }

  .stats-grid {
    grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr);
    gap: 20px;
  }
}

@media (max-width: 480px) {
  .header-working-papers h1 {
    font-size: 1.8rem;
  }

  .stats-grid {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  }
}

/* end working paper */

/* Chapters in Books and Published Proceedings */

.pub-container {
  max-width: 1200px;
  margin: 0 auto;
  padding: 40px 20px;
}

.pub-title-section {
  text-align: center;
  margin-bottom: 60px;
  position: relative;
}

.pub-title-section::before {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  top: -10px;
  left: 50%;
  transform: translateX(-50%);
  width: 100px;
  height: 4px;
  background: linear-gradient(90deg, #f5c332, #f5c332);
  border-radius: 2px;
}

.pub-main-heading {
  font-size: 2.5em;
  color: #2c3e50;
  margin-bottom: 15px;
  /* font-weight: 300; */
  letter-spacing: 1px;
}

.pub-subtitle {
  font-size: 1.1em;
  color: #7f8c8d;
  font-style: italic;
}

.pub-grid-layout {
  display: grid;
  gap: 30px;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(500px, 1fr));
}

.pub-entry-card {
  background: #ffffff;
  border-radius: 12px;
  padding: 30px;
  box-shadow: 0 8px 25px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);
  border-left: 5px solid #f5c332;
  transition: all 0.3s ease;
  position: relative;
  overflow: hidden;
}

.pub-entry-card::before {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  right: 0;
  width: 60px;
  height: 60px;
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #f5c332, #f5c332);
  opacity: 0.1;
  border-radius: 0 12px 0 60px;
}

.pub-entry-card:hover {
  transform: translateY(-5px);
  box-shadow: 0 15px 35px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12);
}

.pub-year-tag {
  display: inline-block;
  background: #f5c332;
  color: #2c3e50;
  padding: 8px 16px;
  border-radius: 20px;
  font-size: 0.9em;
  font-weight: 600;
  margin-bottom: 20px;
  box-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(245, 195, 50, 0.3);
}

.pub-authors-text {
  font-size: 1.05em;
  color: #2c3e50;
  margin-bottom: 12px;
  font-weight: 500;
}

.pub-title-text {
  font-size: 1.1em;
  color: #34495e;
  margin-bottom: 15px;
  font-style: italic;
  line-height: 1.5;
}

.pub-book-info {
  color: #7f8c8d;
  margin-bottom: 10px;
  font-size: 0.95em;
}

.pub-publisher-info {
  color: #95a5a6;
  font-size: 0.9em;
  margin-bottom: 15px;
}

.pub-pages-badge {
  display: inline-block;
  background: #f2f3f5;
  color: #2c3e50;
  padding: 6px 12px;
  border-radius: 15px;
  font-size: 0.85em;
  font-weight: 500;
  margin-right: 10px;
  border: 1px solid #e0e0e0;
}

.pub-pdf-link {
  display: inline-block;
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #f5c332, #f5c332);
  color: #2c3e50;
  padding: 8px 16px;
  border-radius: 20px;
  text-decoration: none;
  font-size: 0.85em;
  font-weight: 600;
  transition: all 0.3s ease;
  box-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(245, 195, 50, 0.3);
}

.pub-pdf-link:hover {
  transform: translateY(-2px);
  box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(245, 195, 50, 0.4);
}

.pub-timeline {
  position: relative;
  margin-left: 40px;
}

.pub-timeline::before {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  left: -20px;
  top: 0;
  bottom: 0;
  width: 2px;
  background: linear-gradient(180deg, #f5c332, #f2f3f5);
}

.pub-timeline-marker {
  position: absolute;
  left: -26px;
  top: 15px;
  width: 14px;
  height: 14px;
  background: #f5c332;
  border-radius: 50%;
  box-shadow: 0 0 0 4px #ffffff, 0 0 0 6px #f5c332;
}

@media (max-width: 768px) {
  .pub-grid-layout {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  }

  .pub-main-heading {
    font-size: 2em;
  }

  .pub-entry-card {
    padding: 20px;
  }

  .pub-timeline {
    margin-left: 0;
  }

  .pub-timeline::before,
  .pub-timeline-marker {
    display: none;
  }
}

/* end Chapters in Books and Published Proceedings */

/* current projects */

/* .projects-main-wrapper {
  max-width: 1200px;
  margin: 0 auto;
  padding: 0 2rem;
} */
.currentProjectsSection {
  padding: 90px 0;
}

.projects-title-section {
  text-align: center;
  margin-bottom: 4rem;
  position: relative;
}

.projects-title-section::before {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  top: -20px;
  left: 50%;
  transform: translateX(-50%);
  width: 80px;
  height: 4px;
  background: linear-gradient(90deg, #f5c332, #f5c332);
  border-radius: 2px;
}

.projects-title-section h1 {
  font-size: 3rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  color: #333;
  margin-bottom: 1rem;
  letter-spacing: -0.5px;
}

.projects-title-section p {
  font-size: 1.2rem;
  color: #666;
  max-width: 600px;
  margin: 0 auto;
}

.projects-grid {
  display: grid;
  gap: 2.5rem;
  margin-bottom: 3rem;
}

.project-card {
  background: #ffffff;
  border-radius: 16px;
  padding: 2.5rem;
  box-shadow: 0 8px 32px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06);
  border: 1px solid rgba(245, 195, 50, 0.1);
  position: relative;
  overflow: hidden;
  transition: all 0.3s ease;
}

.project-card::before {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  right: 0;
  height: 4px;
  background: linear-gradient(90deg, #f5c332, #f5c332);
}

.project-card:hover {
  transform: translateY(-8px);
  box-shadow: 0 16px 48px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
}

.project-number {
  display: inline-block;
  width: 40px;
  height: 40px;
  background: #f5c332;
  color: #333;
  border-radius: 50%;
  font-weight: 700;
  font-size: 1.2rem;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  margin-bottom: 1.5rem;
}

.project-title {
  font-size: 1.5rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  color: #333;
  margin-bottom: 1rem;
  line-height: 1.3;
}

.project-description {
  color: #666;
  font-size: 1.1rem;
  margin-bottom: 1.5rem;
  line-height: 1.6;
}

.project-link {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  color: #f5c332;
  text-decoration: none;
  font-weight: 500;
  transition: all 0.3s ease;
  position: relative;
}

.project-link:hover {
  color: #333;
}

.project-link::after {
  content: "→";
  margin-left: 0.5rem;
  transition: transform 0.3s ease;
}

.project-link:hover::after {
  transform: translateX(4px);
}

.project-meta {
  display: flex;
  gap: 1rem;
  margin-top: 1.5rem;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
}

.meta-tag {
  background: #f2f3f5;
  color: #666;
  padding: 0.4rem 1rem;
  border-radius: 20px;
  font-size: 0.9rem;
  font-weight: 500;
}

.special-project {
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #f5c332 0%, #f5c332 100%);
  color: #333;
}

.special-project .project-number {
  background: #333;
  color: #f5c332;
}

.special-project .project-link {
  color: #333;
}

.special-project .meta-tag {
  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.2);
  color: #333;
}

@media (max-width: 768px) {
  /* .projects-main-wrapper {
    padding: 0 1rem;
  } */

  .projects-title-section h1 {
    font-size: 2.5rem;
  }

  .project-card {
    padding: 2rem;
  }

  .project-title {
    font-size: 1.3rem;
  }

  .project-description {
    font-size: 1rem;
  }
}

.fade-in {
  opacity: 0;
  transform: translateY(20px);
  animation: fadeInUp 0.6s ease forwards;
}

.fade-in:nth-child(1) {
  animation-delay: 0.1s;
}
.fade-in:nth-child(2) {
  animation-delay: 0.2s;
}
.fade-in:nth-child(3) {
  animation-delay: 0.3s;
}

@keyframes fadeInUp {
  to {
    opacity: 1;
    transform: translateY(0);
  }
}

/* end current projects */

.connectSectionLinkedln {
  font-size: 2rem;
}

/* image gallery */

.imageGallerySection {
  background-color: #f9fafc;
  padding: 90px 0;
}

.gallery-title {
  color: #f5c332;
  font-weight: 700;
  text-align: center;
  margin: 2rem 0;
  font-size: 2.5rem;
}

.gallery-item {
  position: relative;
  overflow: hidden;
  border-radius: 12px;
  box-shadow: 0 4px 15px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
  transition: transform 0.3s ease, box-shadow 0.3s ease;
  margin-bottom: 2rem;
  background-color: #ffffff;
}

.gallery-item:hover {
  transform: translateY(-5px);
  box-shadow: 0 8px 25px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);
}

.gallery-image {
  width: 100%;
  height: 280px;
  object-fit: cover;
  transition: transform 0.3s ease;
}

.gallery-item:hover .gallery-image {
  transform: scale(1.05);
}

.overlay {
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  right: 0;
  bottom: 0;
  background: linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(245, 195, 50, 0.9), rgba(245, 195, 50, 0.7));
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  opacity: 0;
  transition: opacity 0.3s ease;
}

.gallery-item:hover .overlay {
  opacity: 1;
}

.overlay-text {
  color: #ffffff;
  font-size: 1.5rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  text-align: center;
  transform: translateY(20px);
  transition: transform 0.3s ease;
  text-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);
}

.gallery-item:hover .overlay-text {
  transform: translateY(0);
}

.container-custom {
  max-width: 1200px;
  padding: 0 15px;
}

@media (max-width: 768px) {
  .gallery-title {
    font-size: 2rem;
  }

  .gallery-image {
    height: 220px;
  }

  .overlay-text {
    font-size: 1.2rem;
  }
}

/* end image gallery */